Dubai’s Work And Cultural Environment

Dubai has just risen as a main territorial business center contribution world class framework and a business domain best in class. Be that as it may, boundaries for an effectively fruitful work task in the UAE, especially Dubai comprise of various variables that make individuals trades more complicatedâ€differences on a basic level, language and conduct in the workplace. In spite of the fact that business customs will fluctuate to some degree in the area, by attempting to get Islam and Arab culture, an individual is in better situation to be compelling. In Dubai, the work is requesting, going from 7 or 8 a. . to early afternoon or 1 p. m. , when the late morning heat empowers long snacks and maybe rests; individuals work again from 4 to in any event 8 p. m. Definitely more than government work, personal business is serious and requesting, and the hours are long. For some, agents, snacks are additionally conferences, and here and there universal business timings imply that there is no genuine break at late morning. Gatherings in Dubai take a touch of becoming acclimated to as business administrators are relied upon to show up dependably, yet can wind up sitting tight quite a while for the host. Gatherings, when they do in the end start, can go for a considerable length of time without apparently accomplishing anything substantial. It ought to be additionally called attention to that in the emirate, workers are progressively faithful to their organizations and along these lines are hard to bait away in any event, for huge cash. Arrangement and casual intervention or placation remain the most widely recognized methods for settling business questions in Dubai. The scale and pace of improvement inside the emirate in the course of recent years have, be that as it may, realized an expanded requirement for increasingly formal contest goals administrations. All the more as of late, the developing attractive quality of Dubai as a speculation goal and as a territorial or worldwide base for global organizations, has made an interest for contest goals administrations. In ascriptive societies normal for Dubai, status, which is gotten from the activity title or general attributes, for example, age or birth, is what makes a difference. Attribution arranged societies will in general compare with societies which show high force separation measurement (Jackson 357). Care should be taken with respect to who speaks to an association in exchanges in ascriptive-situated societies. Portrayal of an association in exchanges by youthful, high-fliers from an accomplishment arranged culture is frequently viewed by an ascriptive association as a sign that the discussions are not paid attention to very or even as an indication of discourtesy. The size of the group can likewise be an issue: if the lead moderator/organization delegate isn't joined by a reasonably enormous group of colleagues, at that point an ascriptive arranged association can arrive at comparable decisions about its partners. Dubai is all the more socially South Asian, when contrasted with its opponent emirate Abu Dhabi, which is all the more socially Arabic. Customary sex shows weigh less intensely on ostracize ladies in Dubai than in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait or Abu Dhabi. Dubai, as an individual from the UAE, likewise follows Islamic sharia and Arabic is its official language, yet it was emphatically affected by the British and South Asian association (Moran, Harris and Moran 338). In this manner, in Dubai, Urdu (Hindustani) is promptly spoken and comprehended by numerous Arabs. Additionally, in the said emirate, exile laborers are obvious on Fridays, when most have their vacation day. The test for a business official while working on outside soils, in this specific paper Dubai, is to comprehend and appropriately surmise the diverse social signs. This could be noteworthy in an ostracize workplace, as exiles work in an unsure situation, and the truth can be vicariously affected by the way of life that wins inside. Failure to do this can end in extreme challenges for explicit activities. So as to collaborate with as opposed to neutralize factors that are socially related, it is basic to make out that all people see society by methods for a social crystal and that, albeit social biases might be shared by others inside the association and to a degree by those with the indistinguishable nationality, they might be unfamiliar to those to whom the hierarchical endeavor is planning to work with.

Indian Camp and Soldiers Home Young Women as Objects Essay -- essays p

Indian Camp and Soldiers Home Young Women as Objects In Ernest Hemingway's short stories Indian Camp and Fighter's Home, young ladies are treated as articles whose intention is either propagation or delight. They don't and can't take an interest to a critical degree in the manly circle of understanding, and when they have filled their need, they are saved. They don't have a voice in the account, and they speak to intricacies in life that must be defeated somehow. While this depiction of young ladies is not really extraordinary to Hemingway, the creator utilizes it as a gadget to test the male mind all the more profoundly. *Paragraph Break*Indian Camp opens with an all-male caravan of rowboats heading over the lake, with youthful Nick, his primary care physician father and his Uncle George off to see an Indian woman [who is] wiped out. As they land on the opposite side and follow a youthful Indian bearing a light to the camp where labor is occurring, the men's managing interest isn't in the mother-to-be as an individual, however in her physiology as a contextual analysis. At the point when they locate her shouting in bed, Nick's dad dehumanizes her by saying: [Her] shouts are not significant. I don't hear them since they are not significant. *Paragraph Break*Bitten by the young lady during work aches, Uncle George responds naturally: Damn squaw bitch! She isn't viewed as a co-member with the men regulating the birth. Rather, she is simply an article they are working on, a bitch soon to whelp her puppy, as it were. The considered control of the dad and specialist as normal man (DeFalco 30), a painstakingly built posture, remains as opposed to the young lady's garbled defenselessness in labor. The comparing of the docto... ...on to abandon his old neighborhood with its plenty of delights underscores his perspective on young ladies as insignificant objects of joy. *Paragraph Break*Both Indian Camp and Trooper's Home place young ladies in an optional, generalized job. Hemingway adopts this strategy to concentrate consideration on the minds of his male heroes, self-fixated in their childhood or war-exhaustion. It may not charm the writer to women's activist perusers, yet it makes for some ground-breaking short fiction. List of sources: 1.DeFalco, Joseph. The Hero in Hemingway's Short Stories. College of Pittsburgh Press, 1963. 2.Flora, Joseph M. Ernest Hemingway: A Study of the Short Fiction. G.K. Lobby and Co., 1989. 3.Westbrook, Max. Beauty under Tension: Hemingway and the Summer of 1920. Ernest Hemingway: The Writer in Context. Ed. James Nagel. College of Wisconsin Press, 1984.

Summer Reading from SIPA Professor and Alumni Authors COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Summer Reading from SIPA Professor and Alumni Authors COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog SIPA is home to practitioners, professors and faculty all across academia. Our distinguished professors have written books in their respective fields. So, while you kick-back and enjoy the summer take a look at these books! Howard W. Buffett is an adjunct Associate Professor and Research Scholar at Columbia University’s School of International and Public Affairs. He chairs the advisory board for Columbia’s Research Program on Sustainability Policy and Management, and he serves on the management advisory board for the university’s Earth Institute. Buffett is a coauthor of Social Value Investing: A Management Framework for Effective Partnerships (Columbia University Press, 2018), which analyzes innovative collaboration from across sectors and outlines a new methodology to measure social and environmental impact called Impact Rate of Return. William B. Eimicke is Professor of Practice in International and Public Affairs and the founding director of the Picker Center for Executive Education of Columbia Universitys School of International and Public Affairs. The Picker Center runs the Schools Executive MPA program (EMPA), SIPAs audio-visual case study program, and the schools executive training programs. Eimicke teaches courses in management, cross sector partnerships, applied policy analysis, and innovation. He also teaches at Peking University and the Universidad Externado de Colombia. In their new book, Howard W. Buffett and William B. Eimicke present a five-point management framework for developing and measuring the success of such partnerships. Inspired by value investing â€" one of history’s most successful investment paradigms â€" this framework provides tools to maximize collaborative efficiency and positive social impact, so that major public programs can deliver innovative, inclusive, and long-lasting solutions. It also offers practical insights for any private sector CEO, public sector administrator, or nonprofit manager hoping to build successful cross-sector collaborations. The book also received a shout out from Bill Gates.   Michael A. Nutter, the  David N. Dinkins Professor of Professional Practice in Urban and Public Affairs,  served almost 15 years in the Philadelphia City Council, then was elected the 98th Mayor of his hometown in November 2007 and took office in January 2008. At his inaugural address, Mayor Nutter pledged to lower crime, improve educational attainment rates, make Philadelphia the greenest city in America and attract new businesses and residents to the city. He also promised to lead an ethical and transparent government focused on providing high quality, efficient and effective customer service. In 2007, after serving almost fifteen years on the Philadelphia City Council, Michael A. Nutter became the ninety-eighth mayor of his hometown of Philadelphia. From the time he was sworn in until he left office in 2016, there were triumphs and challenges, from the mundane to the unexpected, from snow removal, trash collection, and drinkable water, to the Phillies World Series win, Hurricane Irene, Occupy Philadelphia, and the Papal visit. By the end of Nutters tenure, homicides were at an almost fifty-year low, high-school graduation and college-degree attainment rates increased significantly, and Philadelphias population had grown every year. Nutter also recruited businesses to open in Philadelphia, motivating them through tax reforms, improved services, and international trade missions.Mayor Nutter details the important tasks that mayoral administrations do, he tells the compelling story of a dedicated staff working together to affect positively the lives of the people of Philadelp hia every day. His anecdotes, advice, and insights will excite and interest anyone with a desire to understand municipal government. Alum Andrea di Robilant  (80 SIPA) is the author of A Venetian Affair, a biography of his ancestor in 18th century Venice based on their correspondence; and a sequel entitled Lucia: A Venetian Life in the Age of Napoleon. Di Robilant was born in Italy and educated at Le Rosey and Columbia University. He now lives in Rome, working as a correspondent for the newspaper La Stampa. In the fall of 1948 Hemingway and his fourth wife traveled for the first time to Venice, which Hemingway called a goddam wonderful city. He was a year shy of his fiftieth birthday and hadnt published a novel in nearly a decade. At a duck shoot in the lagoon he met and fell in love with Adriana Ivancich, a striking Venetian girl just out of finishing school. Di Robilant-whose great-uncle moved in Hemingways revolving circle of bon vivants, aristocrats, and artists-recreates with sparkling clarity this surprising, years-long relationship. Hemingway used Adriana as the model for Renata in Across the River and into the Trees, and continued to visit Venice to see her; when the Ivanciches traveled to Cuba, Adriana was there as he wrote The Old Man and the Sea. This illuminating story of writer and muse-which also examines the cost to a young woman of her association with a larger-than-life literary celebrity-is an intimate look at the fractured heart and changing art of Hemingway in his fi fties. Joseph E. Stiglitz is University Professor at Columbia and Co-Chair of the University’s Committee on Global Thought. He is also the co-founder and co-president of the Initiative for Policy Dialogue at Columbia.In 2001, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in economics for his analyses of markets with asymmetric information, and he was a lead author of the 1995 Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which shared the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize. In 2011, Time named Stiglitz one of the 100 most influential people in the world. America currently has the most inequality, and the least equality of opportunity, among the advanced countries. While market forces play a role in this stark picture, politics has shaped those market forces. In this best-selling book, Stiglitz exposes the efforts of well-heeled interests to compound their wealth in ways that have stifled true, dynamic capitalism. Along the way he examines the effect of inequality on our economy, our democracy, and our system of justice. Stiglitz explains how inequality affects and is affected by every aspect of national policy, and with characteristic insight he offers a vision for a more just and prosperous future, supported by a concrete program to achieve that vision. [Book covers from Amazon.com and Columbia University Press.]

Summer Reading from SIPA Professor and Alumni Authors COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Summer Reading from SIPA Professor and Alumni Authors COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog SIPA is home to practitioners, professors and faculty all across academia. Our distinguished professors have written books in their respective fields. So, while you kick-back and enjoy the summer take a look at these books! Howard W. Buffett is an adjunct Associate Professor and Research Scholar at Columbia University’s School of International and Public Affairs. He chairs the advisory board for Columbia’s Research Program on Sustainability Policy and Management, and he serves on the management advisory board for the university’s Earth Institute. Buffett is a coauthor of Social Value Investing: A Management Framework for Effective Partnerships (Columbia University Press, 2018), which analyzes innovative collaboration from across sectors and outlines a new methodology to measure social and environmental impact called Impact Rate of Return. William B. Eimicke is Professor of Practice in International and Public Affairs and the founding director of the Picker Center for Executive Education of Columbia Universitys School of International and Public Affairs. The Picker Center runs the Schools Executive MPA program (EMPA), SIPAs audio-visual case study program, and the schools executive training programs. Eimicke teaches courses in management, cross sector partnerships, applied policy analysis, and innovation. He also teaches at Peking University and the Universidad Externado de Colombia. In their new book, Howard W. Buffett and William B. Eimicke present a five-point management framework for developing and measuring the success of such partnerships. Inspired by value investing â€" one of history’s most successful investment paradigms â€" this framework provides tools to maximize collaborative efficiency and positive social impact, so that major public programs can deliver innovative, inclusive, and long-lasting solutions. It also offers practical insights for any private sector CEO, public sector administrator, or nonprofit manager hoping to build successful cross-sector collaborations. The book also received a shout out from Bill Gates.   Michael A. Nutter, the  David N. Dinkins Professor of Professional Practice in Urban and Public Affairs,  served almost 15 years in the Philadelphia City Council, then was elected the 98th Mayor of his hometown in November 2007 and took office in January 2008. At his inaugural address, Mayor Nutter pledged to lower crime, improve educational attainment rates, make Philadelphia the greenest city in America and attract new businesses and residents to the city. He also promised to lead an ethical and transparent government focused on providing high quality, efficient and effective customer service. In 2007, after serving almost fifteen years on the Philadelphia City Council, Michael A. Nutter became the ninety-eighth mayor of his hometown of Philadelphia. From the time he was sworn in until he left office in 2016, there were triumphs and challenges, from the mundane to the unexpected, from snow removal, trash collection, and drinkable water, to the Phillies World Series win, Hurricane Irene, Occupy Philadelphia, and the Papal visit. By the end of Nutters tenure, homicides were at an almost fifty-year low, high-school graduation and college-degree attainment rates increased significantly, and Philadelphias population had grown every year. Nutter also recruited businesses to open in Philadelphia, motivating them through tax reforms, improved services, and international trade missions.Mayor Nutter details the important tasks that mayoral administrations do, he tells the compelling story of a dedicated staff working together to affect positively the lives of the people of Philadelp hia every day. His anecdotes, advice, and insights will excite and interest anyone with a desire to understand municipal government. Alum Andrea di Robilant  (80 SIPA) is the author of A Venetian Affair, a biography of his ancestor in 18th century Venice based on their correspondence; and a sequel entitled Lucia: A Venetian Life in the Age of Napoleon. Di Robilant was born in Italy and educated at Le Rosey and Columbia University. He now lives in Rome, working as a correspondent for the newspaper La Stampa. In the fall of 1948 Hemingway and his fourth wife traveled for the first time to Venice, which Hemingway called a goddam wonderful city. He was a year shy of his fiftieth birthday and hadnt published a novel in nearly a decade. At a duck shoot in the lagoon he met and fell in love with Adriana Ivancich, a striking Venetian girl just out of finishing school. Di Robilant-whose great-uncle moved in Hemingways revolving circle of bon vivants, aristocrats, and artists-recreates with sparkling clarity this surprising, years-long relationship. Hemingway used Adriana as the model for Renata in Across the River and into the Trees, and continued to visit Venice to see her; when the Ivanciches traveled to Cuba, Adriana was there as he wrote The Old Man and the Sea. This illuminating story of writer and muse-which also examines the cost to a young woman of her association with a larger-than-life literary celebrity-is an intimate look at the fractured heart and changing art of Hemingway in his fi fties. Joseph E. Stiglitz is University Professor at Columbia and Co-Chair of the University’s Committee on Global Thought. He is also the co-founder and co-president of the Initiative for Policy Dialogue at Columbia.In 2001, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in economics for his analyses of markets with asymmetric information, and he was a lead author of the 1995 Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which shared the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize. In 2011, Time named Stiglitz one of the 100 most influential people in the world. America currently has the most inequality, and the least equality of opportunity, among the advanced countries. While market forces play a role in this stark picture, politics has shaped those market forces. In this best-selling book, Stiglitz exposes the efforts of well-heeled interests to compound their wealth in ways that have stifled true, dynamic capitalism. Along the way he examines the effect of inequality on our economy, our democracy, and our system of justice. Stiglitz explains how inequality affects and is affected by every aspect of national policy, and with characteristic insight he offers a vision for a more just and prosperous future, supported by a concrete program to achieve that vision. [Book covers from Amazon.com and Columbia University Press.]

Marketing Plan For Developing New Products - 1690 Words

Product Development Name Institution of Affiliation Describing the Product The new product is the adjustable umbrella. This is the newest product for the Sky-Joy Company. The product comes with many features that are good for the different customers thus making it the best product ever in the market. The product is easily adjustable to fit in a small bag thus making it easily portable to carry. Its portability makes it the best to travel with and maybe use it anytime depending on the circumstances that arise. The product is strong for use in all weathers including strong wind without being damaged by it. It comes at different sizes and prices to cater for the different tastes of the customers. New product†¦show more content†¦Commercialization-A good budget plan to manufacture, advertise and promote the product in the market for sale was developed. New Product Lunch Strategy The launch of a product is an exciting time especially to a company because it signifies the success in the long process and expenses spent in developing a product. Launching also needs to be strategized for its success (Indounas, 2016). The process involved: 1. Setting Objectives These are the goals that a company aims to achieve with the new product introduction. A key thing to note about the objectives is that they need to be specific and attainable among other factors. The objectives were: †¢ To satisfy the targets buyers †¢ Capture a big market †¢ Increase sales †¢ Increase company’s profit 2. Strategy Development In developing a strategy that was to make sure that the product was to do well in the market, strategic planning analyzing was done it critical areas: Functional planning-A team for the launch was formulated consisting of a member from every department. Audience specification-The Company devised the ways on how to deliver the products to customers both local and foreign through distribution. Integrating Operations-The Company planned the activities of each functional area within the organization for the successful launch. Launch Phases- The stages of the launch were grouped in three: pre-launchShow MoreRelatedDeveloping a Marketing Plan to Introduce a New Product or Service for Tausif Iternational3170 Words   |  13 PagesPROJECT ON: DEVELOPING A MARKETING PLAN TO INTRODUCE A NEW PRODUCT OR SERVICE FOR TAUSIF ITERNATIONAL. GROUP NAME: THE XPLORER MKT 201 Section 3 Autumn 2008 Submitted to Nawshad Naqueeb Submitted by Tanvir Hasan. ID: 0720005 Tahsin Tasnim. ID: 0720034 Tazina Afrin Nisha. ID: 0720061 Ahmad Imtiaz Sobhan. (Group coordinator) ID: 0720078 A.K.M. Ehsanul Hossain. ID:0720248 Progga Parmita Anika. ID: 0630014 Date of Submission NovemberRead MoreCompany and Marketing Strategy: Partnering to Build Customer Relationships1465 Words   |  6 Pagesand how marketing works with its partners to create and deliver customer value 4. Describe the elements of a customer-driven marketing strategy and mix, and the forces that influence it 5. List the marketing management functions, including the elements of a marketing plan, and discuss the importance of measuring return on marketing investment Chapter Outline 1. Companywide Strategic Planning: Defining Marketing’s Role 2. Marketing Strategy and the Marketing Mix 3. Managing the Marketing Effort Read MoreCASE STUDY Jensen1172 Words   |  5 Pageshigh-quality products but was also known for valuing their employees. The company continued to be in a highly-profitable position for years but showed a flattened growth due in its casual wear division. This made the Jenson’s shoes executive management to re-think their marketing strategy for strengthening their long-term industry viability. Sally Briggs, VP of Marketing, was in charged for developing a major marketing strategy, to define opportunities for new markets and new products within the nextRead MoreReview Of Changing Perspective Of Marketing Planning1334 Words   |  6 PagesCompile Marketing Audits 1.1: Review of Changing Perspective in marketing Planning: Marketing planning is a medium which helps a company to form different marketing strategies for gaining favourable market place where it can earn more profit. Marketing planning has undergone various changes in last decade because of dynamic environment, innovation, technology and changing preferences of customers. So in that context there are mainly two approaches of marketing planning: 1: Traditional marketing planRead MoreMkt 571 Complete Course Mkt 571 Week 1 Marketing Environment Simulation and Summarymkt 571 Week 2 Vals Surveymkt 571 Week 2 New Product Launch Marketing Plan, Part I Mkt 571 Week 3 Segmentation and Target Market Paper1325 Words   |  6 Pages571 Week 1 Marketing Environment Simulation and Summary Complete the Marketing Environment Simulation and Summary in MyMarketingLab. Save your results report from the simulation to your computer. Click the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignment. MKT 571 Week 2 VALS Survey Take the VALS Survey. Submit a screen shot of your results through the Assignment Files tab. And post a response to the following: How can marketers use this information? MKT 571 Week 2 New Product Launch MarketingRead MoreMkt 571 Week 1 Mkt 571 Week 11245 Words   |  5 Pages571 Week 1 Marketing Environment Simulation and Summary Complete  the Marketing Environment Simulation and Summary in MyMarketingLab. Save  your results report from the simulation to your computer. Click  the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignment. MKT 571 Week 2 VALS Survey Take  the VALS Survey. Submit  a screen shot of your results through the Assignment Files tab.   And post  a response to the following: How can marketers use this information? MKT 571 Week 2 New Product Launch MarketingRead MoreMarketing Plan1270 Words   |  6 PagesIndividual Assignments - Marketing Plan. Review individual marketing plan assignment. The major written assignment for this course is to write a marketing plan, utilizing the resources and examples of The Marketing Plan Book. Students will work on this project individually. 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To sustain competitive advantage for any company so for ACL company developing new vacuum cleaner was an important step. In sustaining competitive advantage, there are 8 stages defined below (new product development, www.learnmarketing.net) Stage 1: Idea generation- for every organization idea could come from different sources such as: market research, employees, consultants, competitorsRead MoreMkt 571 Communications Plan1128 Words   |  5 PagesCommunications Plan MKT/571 March 21, 2011 Communications Plan The importance of developing an integrated marketing communications plan has become even more important in the modern era. With so many different touch points, or ways that a prospect can experience a company s message or advertisement, it is important that the message be clear and consistent (Business Training Schools,  2011). Developing the proper lines of communication, especially with a new product is vital to a company

The Literature And The Individual Child - 1462 Words

†¢ Traditionally, the term popular culture has denoted the ‘culturedness’ of the lower classes as opposed to the fine arts or high culture, consumed by the wealthy. †¢ The distinction between ‘culturedness’ of the classes is a socially constructed distinction and is susceptible to change over time; based on the modern ability of all classes to enjoy any popular culture format they choose. The literature and the individual child †¢ Within most regions of the world, media and popular culture are an inevitable part of contemporary childhoods- children spend more and more time engaging with various types of media than with families and friends and often, school. †¢ The literature views popular culture as shaping children’s viewpoints through many†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Often as adults, we dismiss the culture that children see as valuable in opposition to what is perceived as superior, to adults. Adults often see children’s culture as dumbed down or innocent. Dismissing children’s pop culture as just entertainment or as fluff, misses the overt and covert messages embedded in the medium and the value these items can possess for literacy. Pop culture’s overt and covert messages †¢ Most reference literature is framed around the psychological perspectives of popular culture and argue that children are proceeding towards an adult state in their courses of thought. The focus being the impact of the interaction between the individual child and popular culture/ media and the domination of behaviours and attitudes such as: o Violence, most notably o Gender stereotyping o Notions of overt sexuality o Stereotypical representations of race and national identities o Class o Power o Exploitation- both of children and of parents †¢ Children’s popular culture icons and their messages: o The Disney Princess characters generate $4billion whilst sending out subtle messages about societal expectations relating to gender and sexuality. o Barbie indicates form fitting clothes and always full make-up where appearance seems more valuable than any professional knowledge an individual can possess. Linked to eating disorders and body image issues. o Cinderella cements role expectation where women either perform

Saint Augustine of Hippo Free Essays

Biography: Aurelius Augustinus (referred to as â€Å"St. Augustine of Hippo) was born in Tagaste (now Souk- Ahras), North Africa on November 13, 354. His family was not rich growing up but Augustine still received a Christian education. We will write a custom essay sample on Saint Augustine of Hippo or any similar topic only for you Order Now Wild as a child he had a long-term relationship with a freedwoman who bore him a son. When he was 19 he was introduced to philosophy at Carthage where he became a brilliant student who mastered Latin and knew Greek. He worked as a professor at Carthage for a while but sometimes the students didn’t pay the professors after attending all the classes, so he got annoyed and traveled to Rome to seek a fortune. When he was in his thirties he converted to Christianity and entered a monastery. He spent the rest of his life working on his philosophical writings. In 395 he was ordained Bishop of Hippo. He died of a fever on August 28, 430 during the third month of the siege of Hippo by the barbarians. Philosophy on Law: St. Augustine believed and wrote extensively about natural law. He defines natural law as â€Å"an instilled law written on the human heart or conscience†. Augustine believed natural law was one of the ways God governs humans. His notions of natural law lead him to a discussion about just and unjust laws. He believed just laws were derived from natural law. Additionally he believed, those laws not following natural law, were unjust and â€Å"is no law at all† Strengths and Weaknesses: There are a few weaknesses when it comes to Augustine’s belief on natural law. Natural law is grounded in religion and in todays world people want a different legal system between the church and state. This makes them tend to avoid the reference to â€Å"natural law†. Another weakness is Augustine’s believed that some laws were written on peoples hearts. This leads to the question, why is there bad people? Not to say all of natural law is a weakness because it does have some strengths. One strength, to natural law is despite all the different religions and geography’s most societies have a common set of principals that lands credibility to the theory of natural law. Another strength is the argument of natural law allows for separation between church and state in laws of punishments. St. Augustine would definitely support civil disobedience. He believed if a law was unjust than it was no law at all. He thought that there were laws written on your heart and if a law wasn’t written on your heart than it was an unjust law. Therefore he didn’t consider it a law. Below is a short video of Martin Luther King saying his famous speech â€Å"Letter from a Birmingham jail†. St. Augustine is known for his creation of natural law. Augustine discovered that God creates at least some moral aspects. St. Augustine, along with St. Paul, and St. Thomas Aquinas founded the notion of an instilled law written on the human heart or conscience. It was created through the synthesis of notions such as natural justice and the biblical belief in a greater being and lawgiver that we think of as being natural law. Augustine’s most famous quote is also has the greatest impact on natural law. His quote was â€Å"an unjust law is no law at all†. He means that justice is the sole purpose of law and if the law isn’t fair, than it is not serving justice. Augustine on Free Choice of the Will: â€Å"Now every punishment is a punishment for sin, if it is just, and is called a penalty; but if the punishment is unjust, since none doubts it is a punishment, it is imposed on man by an unjust ruler. This piece of writing by Augustine talks about just and unjust laws and the reason for punishments. It reinforces his position that an unjust law is no law at all. The Problem of Free Choice: Book One. Will not any intelligent man regard that law as unchangeable and eternal, which is termed the law of reason? We must always obey it; it is the law through which wicked men deserve an unhappy, and good men a happy life, and through which the law we have said should be called temporal is rightly decreed and rightly changed. Can it even be unjust that the wicked should be unhappy and the good happy, or that a well-disciplined people should be self-governing, while an ill-disciplined people should be deprived of this privilege. I see that this law is eternal and unchangeable. I think you also see that men derive all that is just and lawful in temporal law from eternal law. For if a nation is justly not self-governing at one time, and justify not self-governing at another time, the justice of this temporal change is derived from that eternal principle by which it is always right for a disciplined people to be self-governing, but not a people that is undisciplined. This part of Augustine’s writing backs up his theory of natural law. He is attempting to reconcile the relationship between natural law and mans free will. He believes that natural law is a part of every human being and freewill is the ability of man to choose between what is the right thing and what is wrong. All of Augustine’s writing and books were originally written in Latin and have been translated into several different languages over the years. Most of his writing was religious in nature and his views on laws were derived from his desire to understand god’s relationship with society. Two Questions: 1) How is the concept of natural law relevant in today’s society and courts? ) What do you think some of the natural laws are? Examples of natural law: human rights, etc. Natural law is the theory or belief that certain rights exist independently of any government’s granting of those rights. Generally, whenever a group rebels against their government and asserts rights that the government hasn’t granted them, they are making a claim of natural law. Many children, for example, appeal to a sense of fair ness in disputes, and most people around the world agree that murder is a severe  infraction  of natural law. For example, the declaration of independence was an assertion of natural law – the right to be free, the right not to be taxed without representation, etc. , if you believe you are entitled to these rights just by virtue of the fact that you are alive/human, you believe in natural law. It can also work the other way; certain actions are criminal just by virtue of the acts themselves, such as murder (malum per se). Positive law, on the other hand, is the theory or belief that all law comes from the government/lawmakers (Malum prohibitum). Basically, you have no rights that are not granted to you from the government, and no action is inherently right or wrong under the law unless there is legislature or court-created law that says so. Basically, murder isn’t illegal because it’s â€Å"evil† or bad, it’s illegal because there’s a written law in the books that says so. Natural law and natural rights follow from the nature of man and the world. We have the right to defend ourselves and our property, because of the kind of animals that we are. True law derives from this right, not from the arbitrary power of the omnipotent state. Natural law has objective, external existence. It follows from the ESS (evolutionary stable strategy) for the use of force that is natural for humans and similar animals. The ability to make moral judgments, the capacity to know good and evil, has immediate evolutionary benefits: just as the capacity to perceive three dimensionally tells me when I am standing on the edge of a cliff, so the capacity to know good and evil tells me if my companions are liable to cut my throat. It evolved in the same way, for the same straightforward and uncomplicated reasons, as our ability to throw rocks accurately. Read more:  http://wiki. answers. com/Q/What_are_examples_of_a_natural_law#ixzz27LOHpIBl http://plato. stanford. edu/entries/augustine/ http://americanenglishdoctor. com/wordpress/literacy/basic-literacy/general-knowledge-2/basic-literature/letter-from-birmingham-jail/1758 How to cite Saint Augustine of Hippo, Essay examples